INNOVATION ACTIVITIES IN THE USA: THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

The purpose of the study. Innovation activity is a key factor in economic growth, competitiveness, and technological leadership in the 21st century. Government regulation of the innovation sector determines its effectiveness by creating favorable conditions for scientific research, advanced technology implementation, and entrepreneurship support. The United States is a global leader in innovation, achieved through a well-developed system of public-private partnerships, substantial government funding of research and development (R&D) programs, effective intellectual property protection, and a strong startup ecosystem. Research methodology. This study examines the fundamental principles of government regulation of innovation in the United States, analyzing the role of key federal agencies such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and others. Special attention is given to funding mechanisms for innovation, including R&D tax incentives, venture capital, startup grant programs, and government investments in strategic industries. Result. The article explores the U.S. legislative framework for innovation, including the Bayh-Dole Act (1980), America Invents Act (2011), and CHIPS and Science Act (2022) and their impact on fostering technological advancement. The issue of intellectual property protection and conditions for the commercialization of scientific discoveries is also addressed. Particular focus is given to modern challenges in U.S. innovation policy, including global competition from China and the EU, artificial intelligence regulation, cybersecurity, workforce shortages, and geopolitical risks. Practical significance of the research results. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that the U.S. innovation policy remains effective due to the combination of market-driven mechanisms and active government support for science and technology. The U.S. experience can serve as a model for other countries seeking to create a favorable environment for innovation development.